Fig. 5: Transdermal delivery of Dex from the Mg battery-powered iontophoresis patch.

a Scheme of a wearable iontophoresis patch with built-in Mg battery for transdermal delivery. b Cumulative permeation across the hairless mouse skin collected from the receptor chamber using a Franz diffusion cell after 3 h application. (n  =  3 independent experiments). c Deposited amount within the stratum corneum and epi-/dermis after 3 h application to the porcine skin. (n  =  3 independent experiments). d Optical and fluorescent cross-sectional images of porcine skin via passive delivery and iontophoresis patch (RB was used as a model drug for easy observation; scale bar: 200 µm. Measurements were repeated three times independently with similar results). Data are presented as mean ± SD in (b, c).