Fig. 9: Detection of cells on mHealth platforms.

a Cancer cell detection. The figure illustrates the design of a comparison study on the early detection of potentially malignant oral lesions by conventional cytology, tele-cytology, and ANN-based diagnoses (figure adapted with permission from Sunny et al. ³⁷). b Bacterium detection. The figure illustrates a portable smartphone-based device with a sandwich immunosensor for E. coli O157:H7 detection (figure adapted with permission from Zeinhom et al. ¹²⁵). c Sperm detection. The figure shows an image of the smartphone accessory and microfluidic chip for sperm detection (figure adapted with permission from Kanakasabapathy et al. ¹²⁶). d Embryo assessment. The figure shows an exploded image of the stand-alone optical system and its various components. The system is wirelessly controlled using a smartphone to photograph embryos on a standard embryo culture dish. CMOS denotes complementary metal oxide semiconductor (figure adapted with permission from Kanakasabapathy et al. ¹²⁷).