Fig. 2: Characterization of the nanoconfined MAC ion channel.

a Schematic of the MAC components and a photograph of the freestanding MAC film. b TEM image of the MAC film. The black arrows indicate CNFs. c Schematic of the brick-and-mortar structure of the MAC and the intermolecular interaction between MXene and CNFs. Cross-sectional SEM image of the MAC with increasing amount of CNFs d 0 wt%, e 30 wt%, and f 45 wt% CNFs. g XRD spectra of MXene, the MAC, and the hydrated MAC membrane. MXene (20 mg) and MAC (7 wt% of AuNSs and 35 wt% of CNFs in 20 mg of MXene) were utilized for the XRD spectra. The MAC membrane was soaked in DI water overnight for the preparation of the hydrated MAC membrane. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.