Fig. 4: Evolution of electron phase space distributions.
From: Diffuse auroral precipitation driven by lower-band chorus second harmonics
a Initially electron phase space distribution (f) is assumed to be rather isotropic, which is correspondingly deformed under 2-hour scattering effect of different waves. b Combined diffusion of LBC and SH eventually forms the pancake distribution, after electrons near the loss cone are rapidly driven into the ionosphere. c Lower-band chorus (LBC) only cause rapid loss of electrons above 4 keV with trapped electrons affected slightly. d Second-harmonic (SH) emissions alone contribute to the evolutions of almost all stimulated electrons, especially near 2 keV.
