Fig. 1: Geographic distribution of Saccharomyces strains.

a Map showing the locations where wild non-interspecies hybrid Saccharomyces strains (n = 681 strains, Supplementary Data 1) have been isolated, scaled by size to the number of strains studied here. Symbols and colors designate the species. Ecological and geographic information about the strains can be found in Supplementary Data 1. The map was generated using the map_data function implemented in the R package ggplot2 ¹²⁵. b Stacked bar plot showing the number of COX2 haplotypes (n = 138 haplotypes including 1776 COX2 sequences, Supplementary Data 1) isolated in each biogeographic realm (Fig. 2a). The data shows many COX2 haplotypes from the Palearctic region, pointing to Asia as a hotspot of diversity. Bars are colored by species. c Bar plots represent the total number of non-interspecies hybrid strains, with both host and substrate information annotated (n = 1643 strains), from each Saccharomyces species grouped by the host (external plot) or substrates (inner plot) (full details in Supplementary Data 1 and Supplementary Fig. 2). Human-related environments, such as vineyards, were grouped in the “Anthropic” host category and they were not included in the substrate plot (n = 652 strains with completed information). Bar plots are colored according to species.