Fig. 1: Overview of the study design.

Using data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry, we measured serum proteome in up to 2410 Han Chinese participants with replication in 548 Han Chinese women. A total of 1298 tryptic-digested peptides and 304 proteins were included in the analysis. We used the colocalization of cis-pQTLs with the clinically relevant phenotypes, as well as the Mendelian randomization approach, to investigate the putative effects of the circulating proteins on complex traits/diseases. pQTL protein quantitative trait loci.