Fig. 6: Network representation of potential gene–protein–phenotype associations.

a Associations between proteins and diseases, as well as clinically relevant traits found by Mendelian randomization analysis and colocalization analysis (P < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction). The solid line represents the gene–phenotype connections that have yet to be prioritized in Europeans, whereas the dashed lines represent those that have already been reported. The color of the line denotes the effect directions (orange, positive associations; green, negative associations). Proteins are represented by the gray dots, whereas diseases and traits are represented by the blue and red dots, respectively. b An example from the gene–protein–phenotype map. Higher hexokinase-4 (GCK) levels are associated with a lower rheumatic arthritis risk. The plot shows the consistent effect of GCK on rheumatic arthritis across two populations. The effect sizes are present as the odds ratio per higher RINT(GCK). EAS East Asian, EUR European, RINT rank-based inverse normal transformation.