Fig. 1: Experimental procedure for testing the effects of prediction on orientation selectivity in mouse V1 neurons. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Experimental procedure for testing the effects of prediction on orientation selectivity in mouse V1 neurons.

From: Expectation violations enhance neuronal encoding of sensory information in mouse primary visual cortex

Fig. 1: Experimental procedure for testing the effects of prediction on orientation selectivity in mouse V1 neurons.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a Apparatus for using two-photon calcium imaging in combination with visual stimulation. b Schematic of the Random and Rotating sequences of oriented gratings. c In the Random condition, the orientation of each stimulus was drawn from a pseudo-randomised distribution (uniform probability from 0 to 150° in 30° steps). In the Rotating condition, the gratings rotated clockwise (e.g., 0° -> 30° -> 60°) or anti-clockwise (e.g., 0° -> 150° -> 120°) for 5–9 presentations (red dots) before jumping to a random unexpected orientation (indicated by the green dots). d Mean motion-corrected two-photon image from a single session, with individual neurons highlighted in red. e Time course of activity in the corresponding neurons highlighted in d in response to different grating orientations from the Random condition. The tuning functions in the right panels show the average response from 0 to 1000 ms after stimulus presentation. Points are fitted with a circular Gaussian with a baseline offset. The key parameters of the fits are given as the gain (amplitude) and width (standard deviation) of the Gaussian for each neuron. Shading and error bars show ±1 standard error over trials.

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