Fig. 1: African ape ranges, bonobo study sites, and presence of Laverania.
From: Malaria-driven adaptation of MHC class I in wild bonobo populations
a The ranges of bonobos (Pan paniscus, yellow), western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus, green), Nigeria-Cameroonian chimpanzees (P. t. ellioti, purple), central chimpanzees (P. t. troglodytes, orange), eastern chimpanzees (P. t. schweinfurthii, red), western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla, cross hatch), and eastern gorillas (Gorilla beringei, single hatch) are shown. Laverania parasites have been detected in all African ape species, except the Eastern gorilla. Range data were obtained from the IUCN Red List70,71,72,73. b The bonobo range (yellow) is shown in relation to the Congo, Lualaba, and Lomami Rivers (thick dark blue lines). Parallel lines mark the Boyoma Falls, a potential crossing point of the bonobo common ancestor24,25. Two-letter codes indicate the bonobo study sites. TL2-W bonobos are physically separated from TL2-E bonobos by the Lomami River. TL2 bonobos on both sides of the river are endemically infected with Laverania (red circles)14. One faecal sample collected at KR contained P. lomamiensis14.
