Fig. 3: Frequencies of Papa-B alleles in bonobo populations.

For each field site, the number of Papa-B allotypes is shown. Unknown (Unk) second Papa-B allotypes in TL2-E and KR are indicated in black (Fig. 2). Sites with endemic Laverania infection are shown in blue font. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. a Frequencies of the three Papa-B peptide-binding supertypes are shown: B27 (yellow), B07 (blue), Patr-B*17:03 (17:03, brown). B07 is more frequent in TL2-E and TL2-W than in any western population (two-tailed Fisher’s exact tests with Bonferroni adjusted alpha levels of 0.0167 per test: TL2-E, TL2-W, p = 0.011; TL2-E, Other-West p < 0.0001; TL2-W, Other-West, p = 0.007). b Population frequencies of KIR epitopes among Papa-B (Fig. 2). KIR epitopes (either Bw4 (green) or C1 (red)) are more frequent in all western populations compared to TL2-E, which has no epitopes (None, grey). (two-tailed Fisher’s exact tests with Bonferroni adjusted alpha levels of 0.0083 per test: all pairwise comparisons, p < 0.0001).