Fig. 1: Graphical representation of the spQRSTa and fQRSTa alongside a single electrocardiogram lead signal. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Graphical representation of the spQRSTa and fQRSTa alongside a single electrocardiogram lead signal.

From: Genetic architecture of spatial electrical biomarkers for cardiac arrhythmia and relationship with cardiovascular disease

Fig. 1: Graphical representation of the spQRSTa and fQRSTa alongside a single electrocardiogram lead signal.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a Single lead electrocardiogram (ECG) signal with classical measures QRS duration and the QT interval labelled. The dark orange (estimates ventricular depolarization time) and blue (ventricular repolarization time) shaded sections of the signal represent the regions used to calculate the QRS and T-wave axes respectively with multiple ECG leads. b The spatial QRS-T angle (spQRSTa) mean is the angle between the mean amplitude of QRS and T-wave spatial loops. These spatial loops can be constructed from the resting 12-lead ECG using a standardised transformation, to produce representative X, Y and Z vectors that can be plotted over time. c The frontal QRS-T angle (fQRSTa) is the absolute difference between QRS and T-wave axes in the frontal plane only.

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