Fig. 4: Quasi in situ NAP-XPS, ex-situ XAFS, and operando DEMS measurements probing dynamic evolution of electronic structure on Rh-RuO2/G catalyst during OER reaction.

a, b The quasi in situ O 1s (a) and Ru 3p3/2 (b) XPS spectra recorded of the resultant Rh-RuO2/G during the multipotential steps. c Variation of OV/OL ratio from quasi in situ XPS measurement. d Ex-situ XANES spectra for Rh-RuO2/G and RuO2/G at 1.5 V for 8 h during OER. Inset: magnified pre-edge XANES region. e DEMS signals of 36O2, 34O2, and 32O2 for Rh-RuO2/G in H218O aqueous sulfuric acid electrolyte within four times of LSV at 1.1–1.9 V (vs. RHE).