Fig. 1: Map showing the locations of geomagnetic stations and key features in the study area.

White dots indicate stations whose C-responses are used in this study. The range of Perm anomaly14 is shown by zone enclosed by white lines. The current2 (blue) and past4 (yellow) locations of the Siberian Traps (ST) are indicated by dashed lines. The subduction direction of the Hellenic slab (HEL) is indicated by the black arrow, with the dashed black line representing the subduction front39,66.