Fig. 2: Chronic P2X3-receptor antagonism restored normal breathing pattern in chronic heart failure (CHF) rats.
From: P2X3 receptor antagonism attenuates the progression of heart failure
a Representative tracings displaying tidal volume (Vt) and respiratory frequency (RR) recorded in conscious rats using plethysmography and b Poincaré plots for breath-to-breath interval (BBN) versus the subsequent interval (BBN+1). Breathing instability in CHF rats is demonstrated in Vt and RR tracings, and higher breathing variability in CHF rats. P2X3-receptor antagonism restored normal breathing rhythm in HF rats (a, b) and reduced minute ventilation (VE), respiratory frequency (RR), short- and long-term breathing interval variability (SD1 and SD2), and the incidence of apnoea and hypopnoea (AHI) in CHF rats (c–f). Data are shown as mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA Tukey post-test; n = 8 for sham vehicle, n = 8 for CHF vehicle, and n = 9 for CHF AF-130 group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
