Fig. 2: Small-ranged species lose, but large-ranged species gain occupancy over time.

a Global map showing the distribution of effects of range size (slope) on occupancy change of 238 studies in terrestrial (n = 81, squares), freshwater (n = 68, circles) and marine (n = 89, triangles) realms. Inserts show detail for North America (NA) and Europe (EU). For clear visualization, the slopes smaller than −0.06 or greater than 0.06 were rounded to −0.06 or 0.06. b Changes in species occupancy as a function of species’ range sizes. Occupancy changes are the difference in occupancy between the late and early periods, shown as the square root- transformed for the absolute magnitude. The black line and shading show the overall positive relationship and 95% credible interval; colored lines and shading indicate the relationship for terrestrial (orange), freshwater (blue) and marine (purple) realms, estimated with a separate model. c Frequency distribution of study-level slope estimates for all studies combined and different realms. Solid lines and shadings show the overall slope estimate and 95% credible interval. The dashed line shows the zero slope (no effect of range size). Bars are color-coded as dark orange (positive, significant), light orange (positive, non-significant), light green (negative, non-significant), and dark green (negative, significant) based on the sign of each study-level slope estimate and whether its 95% credible interval overlaps zero. See Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 for model summaries and sample sizes.