Fig. 3: The annual building-related electric peak demand for baseline, shallow, and deep retrofit scenarios, including 100% rooftop photovoltaics deployment.
From: Carbon reduction technology pathways for existing buildings in eight cities
The time stamp over each column marks the hour in the year when this peak occurs. We observe that the deployment of rooftop PV does not reduce the peak in many municipalities, as the peak usually occurs at the beginning or end of the day. The introduction of heat pumps for space heating significantly increases the peak in Kiel, and in Middlebury, the peak further shifts from summer afternoon to winter morning.
