Fig. 4: Closed-loop recovery for Ag.

a Concentration changes of different metal ions in actual wastewater samples before and after the flow-through device (solution volume was 100 mL and pH was 5.56). b XRD pattern of carbon cloth-loaded amorphous MoOx after Ag+ uptake. c Recovery of MoO42− using different concentrations of NH3·H2O (0.1–0.4 M). d Removal efficiency of the regenerated amorphous MoOx for Ag+ (initial Ag+ concentration was 20 mg L−1, solution volume was 100 mL, and pH was 5). e Schematics of closed-loop recovery of metallic Ag. MoOx undergoes a cycle of adsorption, dissolution, and regeneration to achieve a closed-loop recovery of Ag. The devices represent the flow-through device (top), the dissolution cell (left), and the electrochemical reactor (right), respectively. All the error bars in this figure represent the standard deviation of the data after two measurements. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.