Fig. 4: Phylomorphospace plots of PCA analysis of body segment evolution.
From: Decoupling body shape and mass distribution in birds and their dinosaurian ancestors
PCA scores of individual taxa and reconstructed ancestral state nodes, showing values of relative body segment (a) masses and (b) linear dimensions in hindlimb-dominated (HLD) and forelimb-dominated (FLD) extant birds and extinct non-avian archosaurs. The larger yellow circles represent the major reconstructed nodes through avian evolution, and are numbered as follows: 2. Archosauria, 3. Dinosauria, 4. Saurischia, 5. Theropoda, 6. Neotheropoda, 7. Dilophosaurus + Neotetanurae, 8. Neotetanurae, 9. Coelurosauria, 10. Maniraptoriformes, 11. Pennaraptora, 12. Eumaniraptora, 13. Avialae, 14. Ornithuromorpha, 15. Neornithes, 16. Palaeognathae, 17. Neognathae, 18. Galloanserae. Blue data points/lines indicate FLD locomotor assignment, red data points/lines represent HLD locomotor assignment, and black data points/lines represent extinct non-avian archosaurs. PC loading vector abbreviations: CC cranio-caudal CoM, DV dorso-ventral CoM, HD head mass, NK neck mass, TO torso mass, TM tail mass, FM forelimb mass, HLM hind limb mass, HL head length, NL neck length, SW shoulder width, GA gleno-acetabular length, HLL hindlimb length, TL tail length, FL forelimb length, PL pelvic length, PW pelvic width. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
