Fig. 1: Schematic and characterization of mU@OMVs.

a Preparation and therapeutic strategy of mU@OMVs for in situ cancer vaccination. b Loading efficiency (LE) of UNC2025 before and after maleimide (Mal) modification. c UV-Vis absorbance spectra. d TEM image of mU@OMVs. Scale bar: 100 nm. e Size distribution. f Size and zeta potential. g Stability of mU@OMVs in PBS at 4 °C. h SDS-PAGE of OMVs, U@OMVs, and mU@OMVs before and after incubation with ovalbumin (OVA) (yellow arrows: proteins bands of OMVs; blue arrows: proteins bands of OVA). i Relative adsorption of OVA by OMVs, U@OMVs, and mU@OMVs determined by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. Data in b, f, g, i are presented as mean ± s.d. (n = 3 biologically independent samples). Statistically significant differences between groups were identified by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test. ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, n.s., not significant. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.