Fig. 7: Prevention of tumor metastasis and long-term memory effects in tumor recurrence.

a Schematic illustration of mU@OMVs-triggered cancer immunotherapy in a B16F10 metastasis model. b Representative H&E-stained lung slices. The metastatic nodules were outlined with black circles. Scale bar: 200 μm. c Numbers of lung metastatic nodules in each group. d Schematic illustration of treatment schedule for mU@OMVs-mediated prevention of tumor recurrence in a CT26 tumor model. e Tumor growth curves. f CD3⁺ CD8⁺ T lymphocytes in spleens detected by flow cytometry on day 60. g Flow cytometry data of CD3⁺ CD8⁺ CD44⁺ CD62L⁻ (TEM) T lymphocytes in spleens detected by flow cytometry on day 60. h quantification of expression levels of CD3⁺ CD8⁺ T lymphocytes and CD3⁺ CD8⁺ CD44⁺ CD62L⁻ T lymphocytes (T_EM) in spleens. Data in c are presented as mean ± s.d. (n = 3 biologically independent mice). Data in h are presented as mean ± s.d. (n = 5 biologically independent mice). Statistically significant differences between groups were identified by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test. ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.