Fig. 3: State-of-art anodic oxidation reactions.

A Current densities and Faradaic efficiencies of reported state-of-the-art anodic oxidation reactions. B Direct oxidation at the anode versus redox mediator. C Comparison of Faradaic efficiency and current density of recent reported anodic hydrocarbon oxidations. D Sensitivity analysis of annual cradle-to-gate emissions with coupled electrolyzer technology of different energy efficiencies, based on Scenario 4 with electricity supply of different carbon intensities. The cradle-to-gate system boundary includes the process steps from the extraction of resources (oil, gas, renewable resources) to the production of the chemicals in scope. This assessment thus also includes consumption of power.