Fig. 3: Associations between soil contaminants and functional soil microbiome.

A proportions of the genes associated with metal(loid) resistance. Asterisks indicate significant differences between urban and natural ecosystems according to nested PERMANOVA using a block design as described in the Method section. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. Detailed statistical results for the PERMANOVA are shown in Supplementary Table 8. B the fitted linear relationships between multi-contamination (standardized between 0 and 1, see Methods) and proportions of the selected functional genes, which are related to stress resistance (black), nutrient cycling (red), pathogenesis (green), and microbial metabolism (blue). Statistical analysis was performed using ordinary least squares linear regressions; P < 0.05; n = 32. C a correlation network displaying relationships between soil contaminants and selected functional genes associated with well-known stress resistance, pathogenicity, nutrient cycling and microbial metabolisms. These functional genes were annotated according to BacMet and MG-RAST using metagenomic data (see Methods and Supplementary Table 9). MPs microplastics, ARGs antibiotic resistance genes.