Fig. 5: Catalytic performance of RCN and RRCN.

a Typical time course of H2 productions under light irradiation (λ ≥ 350 nm) for CN, RCN (left, with 15 vol % TEOA as sacrificial agent), and RRCN (right, without sacrificial agent). b Comparative presentation of the H2 evolution rates. c Photocatalytic H2 evolution activities under simulated sunlight (λ ≥ 350 nm) and visible (λ ≥ 400 nm) light irradiation. d AQYs and H2 evolution rates of RCN and RRCN under irradiation with light of different wavelengths. e I–t curves of various catalysts with and without light at 0.3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). f H2 productions and the furfuryl alcohol oxidation to furfural performance for the RRCN sample.