Fig. 5: Polarization field mapping.
From: Well-defined double hysteresis loop in NaNbO3 antiferroelectrics
ADF images for (a) NN and (b) NN-20AN-5CH. B-site displacement map for (c) NN and (d) NN-20AN-5CH. The long white lines in (c) and (d) with antiparallel vectors are guiding line for revealing B-site displacements. e Displacement averaged from (c) and (d), oxygen octahedral tilting angle Θ averaged from Supplementary Fig. 19 for NN and NN-20AN-5CH. f Displacement derivative \(\frac{\partial {u}_{y}}{\partial x}\) from (a) indicating displacement wave of NN using geometric phase analysis (GPA). g Displacement derivative \(\frac{\partial {u}_{y}}{\partial x}\) from (b) indicating displacement wave of NN-20AN-5CH using GPA.
