Fig. 3: Infection cycle of P. pachyrhizi and gene expression on the critical infection stages.

a Developmental phases of P. pachyrhizi infection in vitro and in planta on susceptible soybean plants. Scale bar, 10 μm for the in vitro germinated assays micrograph, 20 μm for the 12 h − 72 h in planta micrograph, and 50 μm for 168 h and 192 h in planta micrograph. Representative micrographs are shown from three independently performed assays with similar results. b Schematic of critical infection stages shown in the panel (a). c RNA sequencing on the critical time-points from three isolates. The timepoints included in this study are indicated by grey circles for each isolate. d Average expression (log10 of CPM) of the 246 core effectors and expressed TEs (Supplementary Data 10 and 11) compared to the housekeeping genes during different stages of infection in K8108 and UFV02 isolates. (n= three independent biological replicates). Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Abbreviations: urediospores (u), germ tube (gt), appressorium (ap), penetration hypha (ph), primary invasive hypha (pih), haustorial mother cell (*), haustorium (h), invasive hyphae (ih), sporogenous hyphae (sph), paraphyses (phy), peridium (per), uredinium (urd), cuticle (c), lower epidermal cells (lec), spongy parenchyma cells (spc), palisade parenchyma cells (ppc), upper epidermal cells (ue).