Fig. 3: Spectroscopic and computational characterizations of ClRR.

a In situ Raman characterizations of different charged and discharged states of the Cl-redox reaction. b Ex situ UV‒vis results and c ex situ XPS to detect the Cl-I electrode at different charged states. d Energy profiles of possible reaction pathways with different corresponding products. e Configurational structure and valence states (atomic Mullikan charge) of ICl3- as the final product.