Fig. 6: All-optical clamping of APs in pharyngeal muscle.
From: All-optical closed-loop voltage clamp for precise control of muscles and neurons in live animals
A The pharynx, a muscular pump used for feeding, expressing BiPOLES and QuasAr2 (fluorescence, representative image (from n = 8)). Scale bar is 50 µm. B–D OVC experiment in pharyngeal muscle, holding fluorescence at 0% ΔF/F0 and suppressing APs. B Original trace, calibration and clamping. Inset: close-up of boxed region, transition calibration to clamp phase. ADU: analog-to-digital units. C Overlay: wavelength and ΔF/F0 traces during clamp phase. D Close-up of box in C: OVC counteracting first AP during clamp phase. E Aligned traces of spontaneous (light gray, n = 8 animals, 5 APs each) and clamped (blue) pharyngeal fluorescence signals. Mean wavelength chosen by the system shown in respective color. F Statistics of data in E and additional APs (n = 8 animals, 10 APs each; amplitude p = 1.45E-8, duration p = 0.0078), fluorescence voltage signal amplitude and duration at FWHM. G Pumping, observed visually, was suppressed by dynamic OVC clamping (n = 7; p = 2.028E-4). In F, G: box plots (median, 25th–75th quartiles), open dot: mean, whiskers: 1.5× IQR. In F, G, two-sided t test with Bonferroni correction. ***p ≤ 0.001, **p ≤ 0.01. n refers to biological replicates (E–G). Source data are provided as a Source data file.
