Fig. 2: Assessment of NOCM activity.

a The hydrocarbon products, hydrogen yields, and the methane conversion rate over Nb2O5. Reaction condition: Batch quartz reactor, 5 mg catalyst, 45 mL methane, irradiated under 300 W Xe lamp for 4 h. Shown are mean values and error bars are standard deviation. b The long-time photocatalytic NOCM reactions over 873K-Nb2O5 in the flow-type reactor. Reaction condition: 0.05 g catalyst; photoirradiation area, 28.26 mm2; feed gas, 99.999% of CH4 in flow rate 10 mL min−1; SV:55000 h−1; irradiated under 300 W Xe lamp for 60 h. c UV − vis DRS spectra of different Nb2O5 samples. d Pyridine-IR spectra of different Nb2O5. e The methane conversion rate after pyridine and pyrrole quenching, respectively. f CH4-TPD profiles of different samples.