Fig. 2: Bladder cancer (BLCa) patient-derived organoids (PDOs) recapitulate original primary tumor (PT) features in vitro.

a Representative brightfield images of BLCa PDOs at passage (p) 1 with a solid (BLCa50, day 9), hollow (BLCa34, day 7), or mixed (BLCa69, day 7) morphology. b % of PDO morphology over the total analyzed samples (n = 1763 total counted organoids from 40 biological samples). c Distribution of PDO morphology in samples grouped based on PT stage and grade (mean from biological samples ± SD; n represents the number of biological samples: n = 5 for Ta LG; n = 8 for Ta HG and T1 HG; n = 7 for T2 HG; and n = 12 for T3/4 HG). Two-way ANOVA test with Tukey’s multiple comparison (matching values of each biological sample stacked into sub-columns) was used to compare the % of PDO morphologies between tumor stages and grades (Solid: Ta LG vs T3/4 p-value = 0.0001; Ta HG vs T3/4 p-value = 0.0256 Ta HG vs T2 p-value = 0.0237. Hollow: Ta HG vs T3/4 p-value = 0.0026). d, e Hematoxylin and Eosin staining and immunohistochemistry staining of PT for indicated markers and brightfield images and whole-mount immunofluorescent staining of PDOs at p1 for indicated markers. One representative sample for non-muscle invasive BLCa (BLCa112, d) and one for muscle invasive BLCa (BLCa48, e). Ck cytokeratin, HG high-grade, LG low-grade, UPKII uroplakin II.