Table 1 List of policies considered and their details

From: The effect of sustainable mobility transition policies on cumulative urban transport emissions and energy demand

Policy

Definition

Overarching policy outcome

Policy category

Phase-out

Setting a ban on the sale of new ICEVs by a certain date.

Electrification

Improve

Electricity decarbonisation

Transitioning to low-carbon electricity generation to power EVs with less CO2 emissions e.g. 100% renewable generation is considered.

Electrification

Improve

Retrofit

Converting an existing ICEV into an EV by replacing the engine.

Electrification, decrease in embedded emissions

Improve

Light-weighting

Encouraging the uptake of smaller, lighter vehicles. This can be incentivised by weight taxes or maximum weight mandates.

ICEV efficiency improvement

Improve

Scrap and replace

Scrapping an ICEV prematurely for a newer, more fuel-efficient ICEV, plug-in hybrid (PHEV), or EV which results in a faster turnover to EVs or more efficient ICEVs.

Acceleration of improve policies

Improve

Manufacturing standards

Setting strict manufacturing emissions standards on EVs or moving EV production to where these standards are in place to decrease embedded emissions.

Decrease in embedded emissions

Improve

Car travel activity reduction

Reducing the distance driven by cars as well as number of cars owned by switching transport modes to active travel (walking and cycling) or public transport.

Reduction in travel activity

Avoid/shift

  1. We provide here the definitions of the policies implemented in the study, as well as their overarching policy outcome and policy category. All policies explored are ‘improve’ policies except for reduction in travel activity which represents a combination of ‘avoid’ and ‘shift’ policies.
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