Fig. 7: Experimental results.
a Pool boiling curves. All experiments are run with DIÂ water, except one, run with liquid nitrogen (LN2) (Source data are provided as a Source Data file). b Flow boiling curves. All experiments are run with DIÂ water (Source data are provided as a Source Data file). c Distribution of the measured bubble footprint area right before the boiling crisis, i.e., at the last operating heat flux for which we could achieve a stable nucleate boiling regime. d Representation of the experimental boiling triplets (\({N}^{{{{\rm{{{\hbox{'}}}}}{{\hbox{'}}}}}},\,R,{f}{t}_{{{{{{\rm{g}}}}}}}\)) for several boiling surfaces and operating conditions in a 2D plot with the product \(f{t}_{{{{{{\rm{g}}}}}}}\) on the y-axis and the product \({N}^{{{{\rm{{{\hbox{'}}}}}{{\hbox{'}}}}}}{{{{{\rm{\pi }}}}}}{R}^{2}\) on the x axis (Source data are provided as a Source Data file). The dot grayscale is proportional to the ratio between the heat flux and the maximum heat flux that each surface (represented by different line colors) can remove in nucleate boiling. White dots indicate the experimental boiling crisis and lie on the theoretical critical surface \({N}^{{{{\rm{{{\hbox{'}}}}}{{\hbox{'}}}}}}{{{{{\rm{\pi }}}}}}{{R}}^{2}f{t}_{{{{{{\rm{g}}}}}}}=1.03\). e Simplified view of the critical surface (dashed line) and the experimental boiling triplets (\({N}^{{{{\rm{{{\hbox{'}}}}}{{\hbox{'}}}}}},R,f{t}_{{{{{{\rm{g}}}}}}}\)) at the boiling crisis for all surfaces and operating conditions. Dashed lines represent the standard deviation on the theoretical critical constant.
