Table 2 Data of heat flux, wall superheat, average bubble footprint radius, R, product of bubble growth time and departure frequency, \(f{t}_{{{{\rm{g}}}}}\), and nucleation site density, \({N}^{{{{\rm{{{\hbox{'}}}}}{{\hbox{'}}}}}},\) for all surfaces and operating conditions tested in flow boiling

Flow boiling

8

Rough Zr DI water (Example of Fig. 2)

790

21.1

0.33

0.37

131

1000

23.1

0.35

0.36

248

1230

24.1

0.35

0.38

299

1450

25.0

0.35

0.41

330

1680

25.6

0.35

0.45

350

1900

26.2

0.35

0.48

376

2130

26.8

0.35

0.48

404

2360

27.4

0.34

0.48

405

2580

28.3

0.34

0.50

438

2790

29.5

0.34

0.52

438

3020

30.6

0.34

0.49

475

3250

31.9

0.34

0.51

501

3480

33.2

0.33

0.53

514

9

SiO2 nanoparticles DI water

970

33.5

0.31

0.02

164

1310

36.6

0.31

0.04

308

1730

39.2

0.34

0.10

408

2150

40.8

0.34

0.13

433

2550

42.7

0.34

0.15

489

2960

45.5

0.35

0.17

509

3380

49.2

0.34

0.19

519

3760

53.4

0.34

0.22

533

3930

55.9

0.34

0.24

553

4280

61.2

0.35

0.29

582

4430

63.1

0.35

0.36

602

10

ZnO nanowires DI water

970

31.4

0.21

0.00

168

1200

35.6

0.39

0.02

311

1440

36.6

0.39

0.06

375

1670

37.9

0.35

0.08

464

1910

38.1

0.35

0.09

591

2380

39.2

0.34

0.11

622

3330

44.6

0.35

0.21

676

4060

49.4

0.35

0.30

710

4410

53.3

0.35

0.35

704

11

ITO DI water

2030

35.7

0.68

0.20

87

2320

36.5

0.67

0.21

114

2430

36.7

0.65

0.24

131

2550

37.1

0.65

0.25

130

2670

37.7

0.64

0.23

146

2780

38.1

0.64

0.23

165

2900

38.8

0.63

0.23

198

3010

39.4

0.63

0.25

219

3130

40.1

0.63

0.24

218

3250

40.8

0.62

0.25

242

3370

41.6

0.62

0.26

255

3470

42.4

0.62

0.27

276

3590

43.4

0.62

0.27

273

3770

44.6

0.62

0.28

300