Fig. 5: Fast kinetics ensured by the 1.9 M LiFSI/TTMS–TM electrolyte.

a EIS of the symmetric cells using graphite anodes retrieved from the graphite||NCM811 cells after 1000 cycles in different electrolytes. b The resistance obtained by fitting with the equivalent circuit shown in Supplementary Fig. 27. c Calculated reduction potentials (vs. Li⁺/Li) and reduced complexes of LiFSI, TTMS, and TM with SMD solvation model. Inset is the simulated reduction products of the 1.9 M LiFSI/TTMS–TM electrolyte on the lithiated graphite anode. d Fitted Li⁺ diffusion coefficients at room temperature and diffusion energy barriers of the main reduction products (Li₂SO₃, LiF, and Li₂O) in 1.9 M LiFSI/TTMS–TM electrolyte. e Simulated possible Li⁺ diffusion pathways in bulk Li₂SO₃ by the BVEL method.