Fig. 1: Characterization of CCD and CCD/RBD-HR nanoparticles. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Characterization of CCD and CCD/RBD-HR nanoparticles.

From: Cationic crosslinked carbon dots-adjuvanted intranasal vaccine induces protective immunity against Omicron-included SARS-CoV-2 variants

Fig. 1: Characterization of CCD and CCD/RBD-HR nanoparticles.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a The synthesis route of CCD. b The surface chemical stages of CCD are characterized by XPS. c The chemical structure of CCD, CD-1.8k, and PEI 1.8 kDa measured by FT-IR. d The morphology of CD-1.8k (left) and CCD (right) observed by TEM. e Acid–base titration profiles of CCD, CD-1.8k, PEI 1.8 kDa, and 150 mM NaCl solutions. f, g The zeta potentials (f) and particle sizes (g) of CCD/RBD-HR with different mass ratios. h The loading capacity of CCD/RBD-HR with different mass ratios (2 μg RBD-HR for each test). n = 3 independent experiments per group in (f–h). i The morphology of CCD/RBD-HR with a mass ratio of 10:1 was observed by TEM. Data were presented as mean values ± SEM in (f–h). Similar results for d and i were obtained in three independent experiments. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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