Fig. 6: Comparison between experimental and computational results.

Temperature difference for 20 μm and 35 μm walls is 3 °C and 3.5 °C, respectively, based on the heat transfer analysis in Supplementary Note 3. The model parameters are given in Supplementary Table 1. a Curvature of the 20 and 35 μm walls as a function of time for the first experimental group. b Curvature of the 20 and 35 μm walls as a function of time for the second experimental group. c Sensitivity of curvature with respect to the temperature difference for all six experimental groups for 20 μm walls. The solid blue line is obtained using the temperature difference of 3 °C. d Sensitivity of curvature with respect to the temperature difference for all six experimental groups for 35 μm walls. The solid red line is obtained using the temperature difference of 3.5 °C.