Fig. 5: High-temperature energy storage performance.

a High-temperature capacitive performance of the PI-derived polymers with Eg below 3.0 eV at 200 °C. b High-temperature capacitive performance of the PI-derived polymers with Eg above 3.3 eV at 200 °C. c Comparison of the maximum discharged energy density at above 90% efficiency between the PI-oxo-iso and the state-of-the-art polymer-based high-temperature dielectrics at 200 °C with 10 or 100 Hz applied electric field. d Comparison of glass transition temperature and bandgap of PEI-iso, PI-oxo-iso, and PI-CF3-iso, the corresponding molecular structure formula is shown on the left side to the column diagram. e, f Discharged energy density and charge-discharge efficiency as a function of electric field of PEI-iso, PI-oxo-iso and PI-CF3-iso at 150 °C and 250 °C. The average values and max–min error bars of the results were obtained from six parallel samples.