Fig. 4: 2H showed limited impacts on human cells while inhibiting the growth and biofilm formation of C. albicans.

a 2H inhibits the growth of C. albicans strain SC5314. Fluconazole (FLC) was used as a control. Relative growth was determined by setting the growth in the absence of compounds as 100%. Data are presented as mean values + /- SEM (n = 8 for 2H and 9 for FLC independent experiments). b 2H time-kill curves of the C. albicans strain SC5314. The black dotted line indicates the detection limit (>99.9% reduction compared with the original inoculum). The growth of SC5314 with no treatment (control) or fluconazole (FLC) treatment were determined for comparison. Cfu: colony forming unit. Data are presented as mean values + /- SEM (n = 3–6 independent experiments). c Checkerboard analysis of antifungal activity for a combination of 2H and fluconazole (FLC). Relative growth (calculated by setting the growth without compounds as 100%) is displayed in heat-map format. The plot is an average of 6 independent experiments (n = 6). Color scale for relative growth is provided on the right. d The effect of 2H on biofilm formation in vitro. After biofilm formation, the plates were read at OD₆₀₀. The relative OD₆₀₀ values were calculated by setting the biofilm formation without any treatment as 100%. Data are presented as mean values + /- SEM (n = 3 independent experiments). e Representative images of biofilm formation with (right) and without (left) 2H treatment. Images were captured under light microscopes. 2H was used at a concentration of 25 µM. f The effect of 2H on human cells. HCT116: a human colorectal cancer cell line; HLF-1: a human lung fibroblast cell line; LX-2: human hepatic stellate cell line Lieming Xu-2. Relative survival was determined by setting the survival in the absence of 2H as 100%. Data are presented as mean values + /- SEM (n = 3 independent experiments). Source data are provided as a Source Data file for all the panels.