Fig. 3: Operando EPR spectra acquired during steady-state standard SCR over the fresh catalysts at various reaction temperatures.

a–d Spectra at 50 °C (a), 150 °C (b), 225 °C (c) and 350 °C (d). The reactant feed contains 350 ppm NOx (including ∼10 ppm NO2), 350 ppm NH3, 10% O2, and balanced N2 at a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of ∼4 × 105 h−1.