Fig. 4: MTCP-50 based AORFB performance.

a Schematic diagram of the TEMPTMA/MV cell assembled with the MTCP-50 AEM (54 ± 2 µm) and the conduction of Cl⁻ ions across the membrane matrix. b Cl⁻ conductivity versus temperature. The error bars represent the standard deviation of Cl⁻ conductivity. c Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra measured in cells assembled with MTCP-50 at varied SOC. d Capacity utilization, CE and EE of MTCP-50-based cells at varied current densities. e Long-term galvanostatic cycling of a MV/TEMPTMA cell assembled with MTCP-50 at 100 mA cm⁻². (Pumped 5 cm² test cell. The posolyte comprises 5 mL of 2.0 M TEMPTMA while the negolyte comprises 7.5 mL of 2.0 M MV. The cutoff voltages are 1.6 V and 0.5 V, and a potential hold is applied until the current density falls below 4 mA cm⁻²). f Long-term galvanostatic cycling for 1.5 M MV/TEMPTMA cell assembled with MTCP-50 (Experiments: pumped 50 cm² test cell; 1.5 M solutions of TEMPTMA and MV, 100 mA cm⁻²). g A radar plot comparing the electrolyte concentration, long-term durability, capacity fade rate, EE (at a current density of 100 mA cm⁻²) and PPD of MTCP-50 and representative AEMs and PEMs-based AORFBs. A more comprehensive and detailed AORFB performance comparison is provided in Supplementary Table 5.