Fig. 3: SFSRM applies to different subcellular structures, imaging systems, and spectra.

a First row: representative WF images of mitochondria labeled with the mitochondrial membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), EGFR protein after the EGF endocytosis, clathrin-coated pits after the EGF endocytosis, and expanded nuclear pore complex protein Nup133 (The specimen was expanded for 2.5 times with expansion microscopy after immunostaining). Second row: STORM images. Third row: corresponding SR images inferred from the WF images by SFSRM. b The reconstruction fidelity of SFSRM on different cellular structures measured by multi-scale structure similarity (MS-SSIM) index between the SFSRM and the corresponding STORM images. c The comparison of resolution (measured by decorrelation analysis) of SFSRM and the corresponding STORM images on different cellular structures. The error bars in b and c represent reconstruction experiments repeated on 25 images. All boxplots are drawn from the 25th to 75th percentile with the horizontal bar at the median and the whiskers extending to the minima and maxima. d The reconstruction results of WF images obtained from different imaging systems via SFSRM. The first column shows raw images obtained from a Zeiss Elyra 7 and the Zeiss sp8 confocal microscopes. Both WF images are processed by the SFSRM network to get the SR images in the second column. The SR images are compared with the STORM images and the differences are marked in the corresponding confidence maps in the third column. e The reconstruction results of WF images of microtubules separately labeled by dyes of different spectra. First column: WF images acquired from microtubules immunostained by Alexa Fluor 488, 568, and 647 separately. Second column: STORM images. Third column: SR images restored by the SFSRM network trained with images of microtubules stained by Alexa Fluor 647. Fourth column: confidence maps indicate the reconstruction errors in each SR image. The reconstruction results of the 488 and 568 channels have slightly lower HAWKMAN scores compared to that of the 647 channels, which might be caused by the inferior qualities of STORM images in the two channels. Scale bar, 2 µm (a, d, e), 1 µm (zoom-in view in a, d, e).