Fig. 5: Matrix metalloproteases experienced lineage-specific expansions in O. frankpressi.

a Phylogenetic reconstruction of animal matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) based on the metallopeptidase domain. Tree topology is based on maximum likelihood reconstruction and node bootstrap support for each major class is colour coded (white circles show an 80–89 bootstrap support; grey circles indicate a 90–99 bootstrap values and black dots highlight fully supported nodes). Vertebrate-specific MMP classes are highlighted in green and named according to existing literature¹⁶¹. New monophyletic clades of invertebrate MMPs are in blue and named from A to H. Osedax frankpressi experienced two independent expansions of MMPs, shown in red and named as MMP-Os1 and MMP-Os2. b Schematic drawings of the protein domain composition of the different MMP classes recovered in (a). For each class, only the most abundant domain architecture is shown. A complete characterisation of the domain composition of MMPs is in Supplementary Fig. 10. Drawings are not to scale. c Heatmap of normalised expression levels of MMPs in the body and roots of O. frankpressi. Most MMPs show higher expression levels in the roots than in the body. Source data for (c) are provided as a Source Data file.