Fig. 3: In vivo oncolytic efficacy of the microbial nanocomposite.

a In vivo DIR fluorescent imaging of the microbial nanocomposite in TC-1-hCD46 xenograft tumor-bearing mice by IVIS (n = 4 mice). b Schematic illustration of the antitumor activity and immunology assessment experiments of the microbial nanocomposite using TC-1-hCD46 xenograft tumor-bearing C57 female mice model. TC-1 cells (10⁶) were subcutaneously injected into the waist of female C57 mice, and the tumor-bearing mice were divided into six groups. c Tumor volume growth profiles of C57 mice bearing TC-1 xenografts. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6 mice). ****P < 0.0001 by two-tailed Student’s t-test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. d Images of representative tumors of different treated groups on the 18th day (n = 6 mice). e Statistical graph of tumor weight of different treated groups on the 18th day. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6 mice). **P < 0.01 by two-tailed Student’s t-test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. f–h Images of concentration of main cytokines in serum. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3 independent experiments). **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 by two-tailed Student’s t-test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. i The differential gene expression between the samples treated with OMVs@P₂O-Ads and PBS, using the absolute value of logFC greater than 1 as the threshold (n = 2 mice). j GSEA enriched pathways of the upregulated genes in the samples treated with OMVs@P₂O-Ads, showing immune-related terms. k Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of the term “Activation of immune response”, and the genes included in this pathway are highlighted in (i) with light yellow brown. P values for GSEA were calculated using two-sided permutation test, and adjusted using Benjamini-Hochberg methods. (G1: PBS, G2: Ads, G3: OMVs, G4: OMVs@P₂O, G5: OMVs-Ads, G6: OMVs@P₂O-Ads).