Fig. 1: Hidden Markov Model (HMM) analysis of sporozoite motility.

a Typical parasite tracks (scale bar: 40 µm) showing state 1 motility (St1, circles) of blood vessel (BV) invaders (INV, blue) and non-invaders (NINV, red) strikingly co-localizing in the same BV areas. HMM state 2: gray lines, BV invasion sites (BVI): black crosses. b Quantification of sporozoite velocity showing low-speed St1 and high-speed St2 motility. c Frequency of sporozoite turning angle distribution. d Distance to the nearest BV according to HMM states and invasive phenotype. e INV/NINV HMM states distribution (INV = 2819; NINV = 11,581; Two-tailed Fisher’s exact test P < 0.0001). Darker shades of blue indicate increasing frequencies. f State frequencies over time for 24 INV/NINV sporozoites. Darker shades of blue indicate increasing frequencies. g Example of successive INV St1 interactions. St1: colored circles, St2: gray line, BVI: black cross and dashed arrow. Upper graph: state alternation over time with colored St1 stretches matching the image below. Image: INV example showing an extravascular St1 stretch (black circles) and multiple St1 stretches (≥quadruple, colored circles) on an invaded vessel. h Number of INV displaying St1-stretches close (invaded vessel) or far (other vessel) from BVI or within the extravascular tissue (no vessel). Colors indicate the number of St1 stretches performed by each INV sporozoite. i Frequency distribution of the distance between the last INV St1 and BVI. For parasites flushed with the bloodstream after the last St1, the distance was considered zero. b, d Multi-comparison using Kruskal–Wallis/ Dunn’s test. Lines denote the median, crosses the mean, and whiskers indicate the 10th and 90th percentiles. b–i Data from four independent experiments. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.