Fig. 2: Amygdala oscillatory encoding of negative valence and exposure to individual trauma reminders in TR-PTSD during pre-stimulation.
From: A pilot study of closed-loop neuromodulation for treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder
a Mean normalized (Norm.) difference in bandpower between negative versus positive and neutral (pos/neu) stimuli from the Emotional Image Task in TR-PTSD participants. Yellow outlined areas show ranges when trial type (negative or pos/neu) significantly predicted bandpower (p < 0.01, cluster-based permutation testing using a two-sided linear mixed model (Methods)). Black line indicates onset and termination of image presentation. b Norm. mean ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.) amygdala theta (5–9 Hz) bandpower in TR-PTSD participants (Nparticipants = 2, Nchannels = 4 [left and right amygdala], squares = TR-PTSD 1, triangles = TR-PTSD 2) but not epilepsy (non-TR-PTSD, Nparticipants = 6, Nchannels = 9) was significantly increased during the presentation of negative (red) compared to pos/neu (blue) images. ** = unadjusted p < 0.001 using a linear mixed model (Methods). c Norm. mean ± s.e.m. amygdala theta (5–9 Hz) bandpower in TR-PTSD participants (Nparticipants = 2, Nchannels = 4, squares = TR-PTSD 1, triangles = TR-PTSD 2) during the presentation of individualized traumatic (red) and pleasant (blue) audio recordings (* = unadjusted p = 0.02 using a linear mixed model (Methods)).
