Fig. 3: A schematic of multiple-step pathways of Li crystallization.

The Li+ (orange, anion shown in red) in solid electrolytes (SE) goes through disordered-Li (cyan) and/or rHCP (random hexagonal close-packed)-Li (green) in the interfacial Li layer at the SE interface, and transforms into the crystalline BCC (body-centered cubic)-Li metal (blue).