Fig. 3: Relationships of AD (amyloid and tau PET) and CVD (WMH% and FA GCC) biomarker values and individual adjustments with those of hippocampal volume (HVa) in the MCSA + ADRC.

In the left column (panels a, c, e, g), scatter plots display each 2-way relationship between the outcome measures used in the model; each dot represents one observation, and a participant could have multiple observations. The number of observations varies across comparisons based on data availability: HVa with amyloid PET SUVR (n = 4640), HVa with tau PET SUVR (n = 2249), HVa with WMH% (n = 5261), and HVa with FA GCC (n = 3635). In the right column (panels b, d, f, h), scatter plots summarize each 2-way relationship between the model output of individual adjustments. The individual adjustments are shown in years and indicate whether a participant’s level of disease burden was consistent with earlier onset or later onset relative to their demographic peers; each dot represents one participant, and the number of participants varies across the comparisons based on data availability: HVa with amyloid PET SUVR (n = 2406), HVa with tau PET SUVR (n = 1440), HVa with WMH% (n = 2383), and HVa with FA GCC (n = 2006). An 80% ellipse indicates the strength of association between the y-axis variable onset adjustment for a given x-axis variable onset adjustment; a perfect circle would indicate no relationship between adjustments. The x-axes and y-axes are flipped for the individual adjustments. A higher positive value or earlier onset relative to the population mean is shown to the left of the x-axis and bottom of the y-axis. The percent variation explained (square of the correlation × 100) between individual-level adjustments is given in the upper right-hand corner. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. *ADRC = Mayo Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, FA GCC = fractional anisotropy in the genu of the corpus callosum, HVa = hippocampal volume adjusted for head size, MCSA = Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, SUVR = standardized uptake value, WMH% = white matter hyperintensity volume scaled as % of total intracranial volume.