Fig. 2: The effect of temperature, species richness, and Simpson diversity on structural stability and temporal stability of food webs.

a–c structural stability (\({{{{{\rm{Tr}}}}}}({{{{{\rm{J}}}}}})\,\)) of food webs. d–f temporal stability (coefficient of variation of species abundance, CV) of food webs. The CV is natural log-transformed. A smaller \({{{{{\rm{Tr}}}}}}({{{{{\rm{J}}}}}})\) or smaller CV indicates higher stability. a−c Coloured points correspond to values of each food web in each season of each year (total points, n = 1572 biologically independent samples). d−f Coloured points (n = 1477) correspond to values of each food web in each moving window (window width = 1.5 years). a–f The bold black lines and error bands depict the significant best-fit trendline and the 95% confidence interval in the linear mixed model (two-sided) across 19 food webs, respectively. The non-bold coloured lines indicate the best-fit trendline in the linear models (two-sided) within each food web. For statistical results see table S1.