Table 1 Indicators selected for quantifying the impacts of the power transition on achieving SDGs

Goal 1. No poverty

1.1 Eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere

1.1.1 GDP per capita

Goal 2. Zero hunger

2.3 Enhance agricultural productive capacity

2.3.1 Agricultural value added per capita

Goal 3. Good health and well-being

3.9 Reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water, and soil pollution and contamination

3.9.1 SO_X emissions of per capita

3.9.2 NO_X emissions of per capita

3.9.3 PM (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) emissions of per capita

Goal 4. Quality education

4.3 Ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational, and tertiary education, including university

4.3.1 Education services size of per capita

Goal 5. Gender equality

5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic, and public life

5.5.1 Ratio of male to female employment rate

Goal 6. Clean water and sanitation

6.4 Ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater

6.4.1 Water-use efficiency: blue water consumption per GDP

6.4.2 Level of water stress: blue water withdrawal (industry) as a proportion of available freshwater resources

Goal 7. Affordable and clean energy

7.2 Increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix

7.2.1 Renewable energy share in the power generation

Goal 8. Decent work and economic growth

8.4 Improve resource efficiency in consumption and production

8.4.1 Domestic material use per capita: metal use, non-metallic minerals use, fossil fuels use and biomass use per capita

8.4.2 Domestic material use per GDP: metal use, non-metallic minerals use, fossil fuels use and biomass use per GDP

8.5 Achieve full and productive employment

8.5.1 Unemployment rate

Goal 9. Industry, innovation, and infrastructure

9.4 Promote clean and sustainable industrialization

9.4.1 CO₂ emissions per unit of value added

Goal 10. Reduced inequalities

10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage, and social, protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality

10.4.1 Labor share of GDP

Goal 11. Sustainable cities and communities

11.6 Reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities

11.6.1 Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (e.g. PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) in cities (population weighted)

Goal 12. Responsible consumption and production

12.2 Achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources

12.2.1 Domestic material use per capita: metal use, non-metallic minerals use, fossil fuels use, and biomass use per capita

12.2.2 Domestic material use per GDP: metal use, non-metallic minerals use, fossil fuels use, and biomass use per GDP

Goal 13. Climate change

13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies, and planning

13.2.1 CO₂ emissions intensity of forest areas

13.2.2 CO₂ emissions intensity per capita

13.2.3 CO₂ emissions intensity per GDP

Goal 14. Life below water

14.1 Prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution

14.1.1 NO_X emissions intensity of sea transport

14.1.2 SO_X emissions intensity of sea transport

Goal 15. Life on land

15.1 Ensure sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems

15.1.1 Water-use efficiency: blue water consumption per GDP

15.1.2 Level of water stress: blue water withdrawal (industry) as a proportion of available freshwater resources

Goal 16. Peace, justice, and strong institutions

16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory, and representative decision-making at all levels

16.7.1 Proportions of female in public institutions

Goal 17. Partnerships for the goals

17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection

17.1.1 The percentage share of tax revenues in GDP