Fig. 6: Effects of nomilin on apoptosis of the hippocampus, cognitive capacity and neuromuscular functions in D-galactose-induced mice.

a apoptotic cells in CA1, CA3 and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. b The quantitation of apoptotic cells in (a). (n = 6–7 for Ctrl, n = 7–8 for D-gal, n = 9–10 for D-gal+NML) Exploration time (c, n = 7/group) and performance rate (d, n = 7/group) in short-term memory test. Exploration time (e, n = 7/group) and performance rate (f, n = 7/group) in long-term memory test. g T-climbing down in pole test (n = 20 for Ctrl and D-gal, n = 23 for D-gal+NML). h Passing time in beam balance test (n = 19 for Ctrl, n = 18 for D-gal, n = 21 for D-gal+NML). The number of steps (i, n = 6 for Ctrl, n = 7 for D-gal, n = 9 for D-gal+NML), the print position (j, n = 5–6 for Ctrl, n = 6–7 for D-gal, n = 8 for D-gal+NML), base of support (k, n = 5-6 for Ctrl, n = 7 for D-gal, n = 9 for D-gal+NML), step cycles (l, n = 5–6 for Ctrl, n = 6–7 for D-gal, n = 9 for D-gal+NML), stride length (m, n = 6 for Ctrl, n = 7 for D-gal, n = 9 for D-gal+NML) and swing speed (n, n = 6 for Ctrl, n = 7 for D-gal, n = 9 for D-gal+NML) in gait analysis. The mice were treated with D-galactose (125 mg/kg/day) and nomilin for 7 weeks. Scale bar = 100 μm (a). The data were shown as mean ± SEM. p-values were determined by one-way ANOVA test (b–i). p-values were determined by two-way ANOVA test (j–n). ###p < 0.001 vs the control group; ***p < 0.001 vs the D-galactose group. BOS base of support, NML nomilin, LF left forelimb, RF right forelimb, LH left hindlimb, RH right hindlimb, Ctrl Control, D-gal D-galactose, NML nomilin.