Fig. 8: Genetic differentiation and relatedness of P. falciparum isolates from Zanzibar and global isolates.

a Genetic differentiation between global P. falciparum populations by discriminatory analysis of principal components (DAPC) using 28 microhaplotypes. The first 51 components of a principal component analysis (PCA) are shown. Each point represents a single isolate (n = 374); colors indicate country of origin. Only monoclonal samples were used for this analysis. b Boxplot showing pairwise IBD between samples from Zanzibar (n = 290) and several countries from West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, and Asia (n = 242). Mean IBD is indicated. The box bounds the IQR divided by the median, and Tukey-style whiskers extend to a maximum of 1.5 × IQR beyond the box. c Countries from which samples originate are colored in the map, for clarity of the geographic regions under consideration. Democratic Republic of the Congo is abbreviated as DRC.